A population of frogs has two alleles (A1 and A2). A1 has a frequency of 0.2. Given the Hardy-Weinberg law, what is the expected frequency of the heterozygotes (A1A2)?

Beneficial are more common than deleterious

The rate at which mutations occur is independent of the type

Which of the following is true of mutations?

True or false: A turtle is more closely related to a frog than to a coelacanth

Suppose two genetic disorder alleles, X and Y, are generated by mutation at the same rate. XX and YY homozygotes have the same fitness. Which case is the X allele expected to be more frequent than Y?

To keep the population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

To prevent the extremes from regenerating intermediate forms

To maximize gene flow between the diverging populations

Why is assortative mating needed for sympatric speciation?

Why do allele frequencies fluctuate between generations?

Life expectancy of 30 years, average number of offspring in lifetime is 10

Life expectancy of 50 years, average number of offspring in lifetime is 5

Life expectancy of 40 years, average number of offspring in lifetime is 20

Life expectancy of 100 years, average number of offspring in lifetime is 2

Which one of the following organisms has the highest relative fitness (they all reach adulthood on average):

Represents the proportion of genetic variation within a population

Fraction of the variation that can be explained by genetics alone

Degree that an individual's phenotype is determined by their genetic makeup

What is heritability (h²) defined as?

What is NOT one of the four sources of evidence for common ancestry among species?

In the phylogenetic tree pictures, samples A, F, C, D, and E all have compound eyes, and only samples A, F, and C have poisonous spikes. Which label on the tree represents the place in which poisonous

Humans share all the following traits with other primates except what?

A1 has a higher starting allele frequency

A1 goes to fixation because the population is large

If no selection is present why would A1 be more likely to go to fixation than A2?

Heritability is not a useful way to explain this situation. 

Jimmy and his mother both share the trait of a highly extroverted personality. How much of this trait is heritable?

Which example gives the most parsimonious explanation?

Selective pressure and environmental changes

Genetic mutations and disruptive selection

Allopatric speciation with no gene flow between populations

Which of the following are the causes of trajectories in which beneficial alleles go extinct or deleterious alleles are fixed?

The most recent common ancestor of the two lineages

The geographical convergence of two species

The point at which two species cease to have any genetic relation

In the context of phylogenetic trees, what does a node where a lineage splits into two distinct lineages typically represent?

Which of the following phenomena describes the mechanism by which a bell-shaped distribution of trait variation emerges due to additive effects over multiple polymorphic loci?

What phenomenon allows for the shrinkage of a population to a small size for a period of time allowing it to lose genetic variation?

What selection favors average trait values and reduces variance?

Where in a phylogenetic tree do two species begin developing independently?

A larger population takes less time to fixation.

Population size isn't affected by genetic drift

Why is genetic drift more dramatic in smaller populations?

Which of the following is an example of secondary sexual characteristics?

The sharing of the same 20 amino acids by all cells

All cellular life shares a similar genetic system

The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is the origin of life

A similar metabolic system is shared by all cellular life.

Which of the following does not support universal common ancestry?

Which term is correct for this statement? Species are defined by their ability of their membranes to reproduce with one another and to be unable to reproduce with the members of other species

favors heterozygote genotypes that have the highest fitness

favors the fixation of whichever allele has the highest frequency

favors trait values at both extremes of the trait value distribution

disfavors extreme trait values and favors trait values towards the middle

Which option below correctly describes overdominant selection?

The mean tail length of the whole population is 8 cm. Average tail length of reproducing rats is 12 cm. If heritibality is 0.25, what is expected mean tail length of the next generation?

Which of these groups has the highest relative fitness?

Hollow bones evolved to set up flight later on

Hollow bones helped with flight when it first evolved

Hollow bones evolved for a prior function independent of flight at the time

What is the most logical reasoning for the evolution of hollow bones in dinosaurs that later helped in flight in birds?

starts with the production of vesicles within the cytoplasm through interna

outer plasma membrane of prokaryotic ancestor was pushed out to create cyto

Which of these describe a characteristic of the inside-out model?

Organisms passing on their beneficial alleles to their offspring

Heritable variation in fitness in a natural population