In skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, insulin promotes membrane trafficking of the glucose transporter GLUT4 from GLUT4 storage vesicles to the plasma membrane, thereby facilitating the uptake of glucose from the circulation.

This hormone moves glucose from the blood into the cells.

Ketosis is a metabolic state in which your blood has a high concentration of ketones, namely beta-Hydroxybutyrate ( 1 ). It occurs when your body starts using fat as its main fuel source due to limited access to glucose, or blood sugar, typically caused by starvation, fasting, or following a very low carb diet.

If the cells do not receive glucose, they will begin to metabolize: 

If you skip a meal, you will most likely need to skip your mealtime insulin dose. If your blood sugar is low, your doctor may recommend a high-sugar snack such as half a cup of fruit juice or sugary soda.

Which combination of factors would MOST likely cause a hypoglycemic crisis in a diabetic patient?

Polyphagia (hyperphagia) is a feeling of extreme, insatiable hunger. It’s a common sign of diabetes, but it can have other medical causes, such as hyperthyroidism and atypical depression.

Polyphagia refers to: 

GD usually appears during the middle of pregnancy, between 24 and 28 weeks. Developing GD doesn't mean you already had diabetes before you got pregnant. The condition appears because of the pregnancy.

Usually during the 1-3 month of pregnancy

Usually during the 2-3 month of pregnancy

Usually during the 1-2 trimester of pregnancy

Usually during the 2-3 trimester of pregnancy

When do most patients tend to develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy? 

For healthy people, the authors say, the occasional fatty meal likely won't cause any permanent damage. But people who regularly eat foods high in palm oil or other saturated fats may face bigger long-term consequences, like chronic insulin resistance and fatty liver disease. Both are risk factors for diabetes.

This type of fat is found in dairy foods and meats and increases blood cholesterol, heart disease risk and risk for diabetes. 

In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin (or produced none at all). Without insulin, glucose utilization is impaired because it cannot enter the cell. Unrelated to diet.

Glucose utilization is impaired by lack of body produced insulin

Type I diabetes is a condition in which:

You will be asked to drink a liquid that contains glucose, 100 grams (g) . You will have blood drawn before you drink the liquid, and again 3 more times every 60 minutes after you drink it. Each time, your blood glucose level will be checked. Allow at least 3 hours for this test.

A 32 year old female is diagnosed with gestational diabetes. What test is used to diagnose a patient with this condition? 

Kussmaul breathing is an abnormal breathing pattern characterized by rapid, deep breathing at a consistent pace. It's a sign of a medical emergency — usually diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA), which can affect people with diabetes and people with undiagnosed Type 1 diabetes.

What breathing pattern would you MOST likely encounter in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? 

Corticosteroid medicines such as prednisolone and dexamethasone (commonly called steroids) can change how your body handles carbohydrates and sugars (also known as glucose). They can raise your blood sugar level by blocking the action of your insulin.

Which of these medications can raise blood sugar? 

Autoimmune diabetes mellitus or T1DM is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that affects the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, after an inflammatory process leads to a chronic deficiency of insulin in genetically susceptible individuals.

What type of diabetes is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of insulin producing cells (beta cells)? 

Smoking is one cause of type 2 diabetes. In fact, people who smoke cigarettes are 30%–40% more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than people who don’t smoke. (CDC)

Diabetics are at increased risk of heart disease if they also: 

Type 2 diabetes accounts for the overwhelming majority of cases diagnosed in adults. 

Two of the main types of diabetes are Type I and Type 2. How many people with diabetes have Type 2? 

Untreated diabetes may result in all of the following except: 

The risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include: 

The test for checking mean plasma glucose concentration over the previous 8-10 weeks is:

The leading cause of non-traumatic amputation is:

Which of the following areas of the foot is LEAST likely to develop a diabetic ulcer? 

The presence of fever in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) results from which of the following? 

Increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes

Increased risk of heart disease and stroke

Increased risk of developing Type 1 diabetes

Prediabetes is associated with all of the following except:

Blood sugar is well controlled when hemogloblin A1C is: 

Which oral medication increases insulin sensitivity in the body and is commonly used to treat Type 2 diabetes? 

Which symptom is commonly associated with hyperglycemia in diabetes?

Having diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes)

Which of the following health conditions does NOT put you at risk for diabetes? 

Which of the following can affect blood glucose levels?

The most common lipid elevated in the blood of someone with diabetes is: 

Diabetic diets high in _____ have been shown to help control blood glucose by enabling the body to handle glucose more efficiently. 

In addition to insulin replacement and volume expansion, the most urgent goal in treatment of DKA includes prevention of which of the following? 

Excessive thirst and volume of very dilute urine may be symptoms of:

Insulin therapy can cause people to gain weight. Diet and lifestyle strategies can help people manage their weight while using insulin for diabetes.

Continuous insulin that eliminates need for insulin injections

Simply management of blood sugar improving A1C

Enabling exercise without compensatory carb consumption

The benefits of using an insulin pump include all of the following except:

Among the U.S. population overall, crude estimates for 2021 were: 29.7 million people of all ages—or 8.9% of the U.S. population—had diagnosed diabetes. 352,000 children and adolescents younger than age 20 years—or 35 per 10,000 U.S. youths—had diagnosed diabetes.

Leading cause of blindness among ages 20-74

Which statement about diabetes is false?

Brand names: Axpinet, Diagemet, Glucient, Glucophage, Metabet.

Metformin, a non-insulin medication, is another name for:

The three P's of diabetes are polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. These terms correspond to increases in thirst, urination, and appetite, respectively. The three P's often — but not always — occur together.

Excessive eating caused by cellular hunger is called: 

A wide anion gap can be observed in patients with HHS, reflecting mild metabolic acidosis. The mild acidosis in HHS is often multifactorial and results, in part, from the accumulation of minimal ketoacids in the absence of effective insulin activity.

Condition presents without ketones in the urine

Metabolic alkalosis presents in severe HHNS

IV regular insulin is used to treat hyperglycemia

Which of the following statements are INCORRECT about Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)?

These yellowish/orange bumps and patches develop when you have high levels of fat in your blood which can be a sign of poorly controlled diabetes. 

Small, round pink, reddish or brown patches on skin common on skin of diabetics. 

Patient is diaphoretic, cool, clammy and confused. Which condition is most likely?

Patient complains of blurry vision, extreme thirst and has fruity odor breath. Which condition is most likely? 

Diabetic individuals treated with insulin are at increased risk to develop hypoglycaemia during physical exercise due mainly to an increased glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle. To prevent this complication, patients should consume a snack with 30-40 g carbohydrate before and hourly during exercise and/or reduce pre-exercise insulin dosages.

Which of the following is not a beneficial effect of exercise in people with diabetes: 

Recommended blood pressure and lipid goals for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with diabetes?

present if 3 or more of 5 criteria are met: WC over 40 inches (men)/35 inches (women), BP over 130/85 mmHg, fasting (TG) level over 150 mg/dl, fasting (HDL)less than 40 mg/dl (men)/50 mg/dl (women) and fasting CBG over 100 mg/dl.