POLS 1101 Final Exam Review

A political ideology advocating for a single-party system

A social theory that recognizes and respects diversity in society

A religious doctrine promoting the belief in multiple gods

An economic model advocating for state control of all industries

Pluralism undermines democracy by promoting division and conflict.

Democracy and pluralism are incompatible concepts.

Pluralism enhances democracy by ensuring diverse representation and perspec

Democracy requires homogeneity and uniformity to function effectively.

with higher levels of income and education.

from the lower socioeconomic levels

who work in manual labor and unskilled occupations

who identify as Democrats

Young professionals

Environmental conservation

Senior citizens

Veterans' rights

Influence public policy

Getting their members elected

Represent a narrow group of individuals' interests

Promote the concerns of its members

Members share opposing opinions

Members are from one geographic location

All interest groups are relatively small

Members have a lot of time and money

Nonmembers receive the benefits of a group without joining

People don't have to pay to join a group

The government pays its citizens to support their goals

Representatives can support a bill without signing it

The Brass Knuckles

The Iron Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle

The Circular Trap

Senators have longer terms

Senators represent districts

House Representatives are unelected

The President chooses House Members

Water

Public parks

Housing

Healthcare

Excludability

Rivalry in consumption

Non-excludability

Limited availability

Encourage free-riding behavior

Ensure that all members contribute equally to the group's goals

Discourage participation in collective action efforts

Overcome the free-rider problem by providing incentives for membership

Access to exclusive perks for members

Universal healthcare coverage for all citizens

Tax deductions for charitable donations

Publicly available information about government policies

Lobbying

Running for election

Through the courts

Ballot initiatives and referenda

Winning the presidency in national elections

Controlling a majority of seats in Congress

Shaping public discourse and policy agendas

Bypassing the legislative process entirely

By ensuring a balanced distribution of power between the branches

By challenging the dominance of the two major parties

By directly appointing candidates to high-ranking government positions

By implementing policies without the approval of the legislative branch

Rarely influenced government policies or elections.

Consistently won the majority of seats in Congress.

Introduced significant policy changes and influenced elections

always aligned perfectly with the platforms of the two major parties

By directly appointing judges to the courts

By lobbying members of Congress to pass specific legislation

By filing lawsuits and participating in court cases related to their issues

By organizing public protests and demonstrations

Organizing grassroots efforts within an organization

Seeking support from other groups or organizations outside one's own group

Coordinating lobbying activities with government officials

Engaging in campaigns to enhance the image of the organization

The process of gathering support from outside organizations

The process of organizing members of a group or organization from within

The act of seeking support from international institutions

The process of influencing government policies through lobbying efforts

Old age

Low socio-economic status

High civic duty

Being a man

The context of the political environment

State electoral laws

Living in the south

Socioeconomic

The process of forming coalitions across party lines

The tendency for political views to become more extreme & divided over time

The promotion of centrist ideologies in political discourse

The process of reducing ideological differences between opposing parties

Increased bipartisan cooperation

Diverse media consumption habits

Increased ideological differences between political parties

Having high political knowledge

By promoting balanced and nuanced discussions among users

Creating echo chambers where users are exposed only to like-minded opinions

By discouraging political engagement and activism

By fostering bipartisan collaboration and compromise

Promote bipartisan solutions and compromise.

Work to bridge ideological divides and unite opposing factions.

Engage in rhetoric that reinforces partisan divisions and tribalism.

prioritize the interests of the general public over their own party

Increased willingness to compromise and negotiate on policy issues

Enhanced political stability and social cohesion

Difficulty in passing legislation due to gridlock and ideological clashes

Decreased voter turnout and participation in elections

The process of selecting candidates for political office

Redrawing electoral district boundaries to favor one political party

The practice of registering voters in multiple districts

Providing financial incentives to encourage voter turnout

To ensure fair representation for all citizens

To create competitive elections in every district

To maximize the number of seats for a particular political party

To prevent incumbents from being reelected

The advantage held by political challengers over incumbents in elections

The tendency for elected officials to become more moderate over time

Advantages enjoyed by candidates already in office in seeking reelection

The advantage of having a high approval rating among constituents

Limited access to campaign funds

Name recognition and visibility in the community

Lack of experience in government

Negative media coverage

House members serve six-year terms, while Senators serve two-year terms.

House members represent individual states; Senators represent districts

House members have unlimited terms, while Senators are limited to two terms

House members are allocated by population; each state has two Senators

The power to introduce bills in Congress

The power to amend legislation before it becomes law

The power to veto bills passed by Congress

The power to interpret and enforce laws passed by Congress

The bill becomes law without the President's signature.

Congress can override the veto with a 2/3 majority vote in both chambers

The bill is sent back to committee for revision.

The bill is automatically repealed.

Two separate individuals

The same individual

A monarch and a prime minister

A ceremonial figurehead and a chief executive

Through a direct popular vote

By appointment from the head of state (monarch or president)

By a vote of confidence from the legislative body

By a committee of senior government officials

Powers explicitly granted to the President by the Constitution

Powers inferred from the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution

Powers shared between the federal and state governments

Powers reserved exclusively for the states

Declaring war

Regulating interstate commerce

Confirm Supreme Court Justices

The power to coin money

To hold private meetings with key congressional leaders

Communicate directly with the American public & gain support for policies

To consult with foreign heads of state on international issues

To seek advice from legal scholars and constitutional experts

To pass legislation and make laws

To help organizations run smoothly and efficiently

To conduct diplomatic relations with foreign governments

To represent the interests of political parties

Devolution

Regenerating

Termination

Privatization

The challenge of coordinating activities between different federal agencies

The conflict of interest between elected officials and their constituents

The difficulty in ensuring that agents act in the interests of principals

The imbalance of power between the President and Congress

The principle of interpreting laws based on the original intent

The principle of deferring to decisions of higher courts in similar cases

The principle of allowing juries to determine guilt in criminal trials

The principle of judicial review over legislative and executive actions

It allows judges to disregard previous rulings

It provides consistency and predictability in the interpretation of laws

It limits the authority of the judiciary in shaping public policy

It encourages arbitrary decision-making by judges

5

7

9

12

By a constitutional amendment

By an executive order from the President

By an act of Congress

By a popular vote of the citizens

The President

The Senate

The Supreme Court

The American Bar Association

Confirmation by a majority vote in the House of Representatives

Confirmation by a two-thirds vote in the Senate

Appointment by the President without confirmation

Confirmation by a majority vote in the Senate

Appointment by the Governor

Election by the state legislature

Election by popular vote

Appointment by the President

The process of reviewing judicial decisions by higher courts

The process of reviewing laws and actions to determine constitutionality

The process of reviewing evidence presented in a trial

The process of conducting background checks on judicial nominees

A philosophy advocating for limited government intervention

A philosophy that emphasizes the limited the role of the government

A philosophy that encourages judges to interpret the Constitution broadly

A philosophy that prioritizes strict interpretation of the Constitution

Credit card companies are interested in the public good

Private interests are hiding behind the ideals of public interests

Public interest groups are now actively involving private corporations

The free-rider problem does not apply to private corporations

Fielding large numbers of electable candidates

Financing large numbers of election campaigns

Empowering less potent segments of society

Representing the interests and encouraging political participation

the majority system

the plurality system

proportional representation

the spoils system

Conflicts in the government create divided factions that mobilize support

Party leaders try to rally support for their platforms once they're in gov.

Citizens deemed to be undesirable outsiders are excluded from a party

A group of politicians outside government organize popular support

Conflicts in the government create divided factions that mobilize support

Party leaders try to rally support for their platforms once in office

Citizens deemed undesirable are excluded from the party

A group of politicians outside government organize popular support

Seats in the legislature are allocated based on parties' share of the vote

Each political party receives an equal number of seats

Every candidate who receive above a certain percent of the vote get seats

Candidates can only win an election if they receive most of the votes

constituent

trustee

delegate

incumbent

50

66

80

90

redistricting

gerrymandering

redlining

apportionment

Automatic veto if the President does not act during the final 30 days

Automatic veto if the President does not act during the final 10 days

Veto issued by the Senate against a bill passed in the House

Veto issued by the states against a law passed by Congress

Going rogue

Going public

Selling out

Propagandizing the public

An expressed power

A delegated power

Executive privilege

An executive order

increased sharply

increased slightly

gradually declined

decreased sharply

Adjudication

Regulation

Deregulation

Implementation

Rule by the desk

Control of the anonymous

Next window please

Government by the people

Public law

En banc decisions

Precedents

Ex post facto cases

Public

Criminal

Common

Tort

Appellate

Criminal law

Civil law

Common law

The military

The federal government

Churches and religious organizations

The United Nations

User fees

Property tax

Sales tax

Tax credits

A tax that takes the same amount of tax from everyone, regardless of income

A tax that takes a larger percentage of income from higher-income groups

A tax that takes a larger percentage of income from lower-income groups

A tax that gives money back to tax payers

It was established in 1965

It is a program based on voluntary savings

Contributors receive benefits in strict proportion to their contributions

Social Security redistributes wealth from younger workers to older retirees

Social Security

Food stamps

Public housing assistance

Medicare

the 1890s

the 1920s

the 1930s

the 1960s

Idealism

Isolationism

Internationalism

Sovereign dominance

Diplomacy

Appeasement

Detente

Preventative war

History has shown that only democratic states respond well to deterrence

Deterrence has been made illegal under international law

They have a lack of a fixed location, making retaliation difficult

Terrorist groups do not yet have access to nuclear weapons

The largest naval fleet in the world

Troops stationed on the borders

Geographical isolation

The largest nuclear arsenal in the world