Question 1

A population of frogs has two alleles (A1 and A2). A1 has a frequency of 0.2. Given the Hardy-Weinberg law, what is the expected frequency of the heterozygotes (A1A2)?

Accepted Answer

0.32

Question 2

Which of the following is true of mutations?

Accepted Answer

The rate at which mutations occur is independent of the type

Question 3

True or false: A turtle is more closely related to a frog than to a coelacanth

Accepted Answer

True

Question 4

Suppose two genetic disorder alleles, X and Y, are generated by mutation at the same rate. XX and YY homozygotes have the same fitness. Which case is the X allele expected to be more frequent than Y?

Accepted Answer

X is recessive, Y is dominant

Question 5

Why is assortative mating needed for sympatric speciation?

Accepted Answer

To prevent the extremes from regenerating intermediate forms

Question 6

Why do allele frequencies fluctuate between generations?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Question 7

Which one of the following organisms has the highest relative fitness (they all reach adulthood on average):

Accepted Answer

Life expectancy of 40 years, average number of offspring in lifetime is 20

Question 8

What is heritability (h²) defined as?

Accepted Answer

Fraction of the variation that can be explained by genetics alone

Question 9

What is NOT one of the four sources of evidence for common ancestry among species?

Accepted Answer

Evolution at the individual level

Question 10

In the phylogenetic tree pictures, samples A, F, C, D, and E all have compound eyes, and only samples A, F, and C have poisonous spikes. Which label on the tree represents the place in which poisonous

Accepted Answer

B

Question 11

Humans share all the following traits with other primates except what?

Accepted Answer

Bipedalism

Question 12

If no selection is present why would A1 be more likely to go to fixation than A2?

Accepted Answer

A1 has a higher starting allele frequency

Question 13

Jimmy and his mother both share the trait of a highly extroverted personality. How much of this trait is heritable?

Accepted Answer

Heritability is not a useful way to explain this situation.

Question 14

Which example gives the most parsimonious explanation?

Accepted Answer

2 insertions, 0 deletions

Question 15

Which of the following are the causes of trajectories in which beneficial alleles go extinct or deleterious alleles are fixed?

Accepted Answer

Small population size and genetic drift

Question 16

In the context of phylogenetic trees, what does a node where a lineage splits into two distinct lineages typically represent?

Accepted Answer

The most recent common ancestor of the two lineages

Question 17

Which of the following phenomena describes the mechanism by which a bell-shaped distribution of trait variation emerges due to additive effects over multiple polymorphic loci?

Accepted Answer

C) Polygenic inheritance

Question 18

What phenomenon allows for the shrinkage of a population to a small size for a period of time allowing it to lose genetic variation?

Accepted Answer

Genetic bottleneck

Question 19

What selection favors average trait values and reduces variance?

Accepted Answer

Stabilizing selection

Question 20

Where in a phylogenetic tree do two species begin developing independently?

Accepted Answer

Nodes

Question 21

Why is genetic drift more dramatic in smaller populations?

Accepted Answer

Smaller populations have less variation

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of secondary sexual characteristics?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Question 23

Which of the following does not support universal common ancestry?

Accepted Answer

The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is the origin of life

Question 24

Which term is correct for this statement? Species are defined by their ability of their membranes to reproduce with one another and to be unable to reproduce with the members of other species

Accepted Answer

Biological species concept

Question 25

Which option below correctly describes overdominant selection?

Accepted Answer

favors heterozygote genotypes that have the highest fitness

Question 26

The mean tail length of the whole population is 8 cm. Average tail length of reproducing rats is 12 cm. If heritibality is 0.25, what is expected mean tail length of the next generation?

Accepted Answer

9 cm

Question 27

Which of these groups has the highest relative fitness?

Accepted Answer

A2A2

Question 28

What is the most logical reasoning for the evolution of hollow bones in dinosaurs that later helped in flight in birds?

Accepted Answer

Hollow bones evolved for a prior function independent of flight at the time

Question 29

Which of these describe a characteristic of the inside-out model?

Accepted Answer

outer plasma membrane of prokaryotic ancestor was pushed out to create cyto

Question 30

Of these, natural selection is best described as involving:

Accepted Answer

Heritable variation in fitness in a natural population

Question 31

What characteristic was NOT likely to be present in LUCA, the last universal common ancestor?

Accepted Answer

Oxygenic photosynthesis

Bio 152 Review

2) Which of the following is true of mutations?

3) True or false: A turtle is more closely related to a frog than to a coelacanth

4) Suppose two genetic disorder alleles, X and Y, are generated by mutation at the same rate. XX and YY homozygotes have the same fitness. Which case is the X allele expected to be more frequent than Y?

5) Why is assortative mating needed for sympatric speciation?

6) Why do allele frequencies fluctuate between generations?

7) Which one of the following organisms has the highest relative fitness (they all reach adulthood on average):

8) What is heritability (h²) defined as?

9) What is NOT one of the four sources of evidence for common ancestry among species?

10) In the phylogenetic tree pictures, samples A, F, C, D, and E all have compound eyes, and only samples A, F, and C have poisonous spikes. Which label on the tree represents the place in which poisonous

11) Humans share all the following traits with other primates except what?

12) If no selection is present why would A1 be more likely to go to fixation than A2?

13) Jimmy and his mother both share the trait of a highly extroverted personality. How much of this trait is heritable?

14) Which example gives the most parsimonious explanation?

15) Which of the following are the causes of trajectories in which beneficial alleles go extinct or deleterious alleles are fixed?

16) In the context of phylogenetic trees, what does a node where a lineage splits into two distinct lineages typically represent?

17) Which of the following phenomena describes the mechanism by which a bell-shaped distribution of trait variation emerges due to additive effects over multiple polymorphic loci?

18) What phenomenon allows for the shrinkage of a population to a small size for a period of time allowing it to lose genetic variation?

19) What selection favors average trait values and reduces variance?

20) Where in a phylogenetic tree do two species begin developing independently?

21) Why is genetic drift more dramatic in smaller populations?

22) Which of the following is an example of secondary sexual characteristics?

23) Which of the following does not support universal common ancestry?

24) Which term is correct for this statement? Species are defined by their ability of their membranes to reproduce with one another and to be unable to reproduce with the members of other species

25) Which option below correctly describes overdominant selection?

26) The mean tail length of the whole population is 8 cm. Average tail length of reproducing rats is 12 cm. If heritibality is 0.25, what is expected mean tail length of the next generation?

27) Which of these groups has the highest relative fitness?

28) What is the most logical reasoning for the evolution of hollow bones in dinosaurs that later helped in flight in birds?

29) Which of these describe a characteristic of the inside-out model?

30) Of these, natural selection is best described as involving:

31) What characteristic was NOT likely to be present in LUCA, the last universal common ancestor?