Question 1

What are chromosomes made up of?

Accepted Answer

DNA and protein - One singular chromosome is made up of DNA and protein. However, chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell.

Question 2

What is the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction?

Accepted Answer

asexual produces 2 identical cells, sexual produces 4 unique cells - Sexual reproduction allows for 4 genetically unique daughter cells to be produced in order or genetic variation to occur. However, asexual reproduction creates identical cells which is why its good for growth, repair and reproduction.

Question 3

What type of gametogenesis creates 3 polar bodies and one single viable cell?

Accepted Answer

oogenesis  - In oogensis, the cytoplasm does not divide equally and one egg receives most of the cytoplasm causing the other 3 to essentially die off resulting in a single ovum (egg cell).

Question 4

What is non-disjunction?

Accepted Answer

failure of chromosomes to seperate - Non-disjunction is the failure of chromosomes to separate and in doing so can result in many different genetic mutations such as trisomy 21 which is down syndrome or trisomy 13 which causes patau syndrome.

Question 5

What process is this?

Accepted Answer

meiosis - The process of meiosis creates four genetically unique daughter cells which helps with genetic variation and diversity.

Question 6

What happens during prophase 1 of meosis

Accepted Answer

crossing over of chromsomes - In prophase 1 of meiosis, crossing over of chromosomes allows for genetic variation to occur by mixing paternal and maternal traits/characteristics together.

Question 7

What is an allele?

Accepted Answer

each form of a gene - Cells have two alleles for each gene (one on a chromosome from one parent one on a homologous chromosome from the other). Different allele combinations result in different traits.

Question 8

Which one of these is not related to Mendelian inheritance

Accepted Answer

pedigrees - Pedigrees are charts used to see patterns of inheritance, more specifically genetic mutations inheritance from parent to offspring.

Question 9

What is this structure used for?

Accepted Answer

to predict the proportions of genotypes in offsprings - Punnet squares are used to predict proportions of genotypes in offsprings and the likelihood of different traits showing up in said offspring. In this way we are also able to determine which traits might be dominant or recessive based on how the proportions show up in the results.

Question 10

What is the difference between co-dominace and incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

CD= doesn't blend, creates spots, ID= both alleles blend, creates new color - An example of complete dominance would be spotted cows otherwise known as roans or cattle. As for incomplete dominance an example of that would be a red and white flower mixing and creating a pink flower.

Question 11

What is the name of this structure?

Accepted Answer

pedigree - Pedigrees are structures used to see patterns of inheritance throughout generations and from which parent they might have originated from.

Question 12

If one parent is homozygous (autosomal) recessive for a genetic disorder, (the other is unaffected, homozygous dominant). Is it possible for their offspring to be a carrier of the disorder?

Accepted Answer

yes, only one parent needs to have the gene - Because the genotype can be heterozygous or homozygous there is a possible chance the offspring will end up with the recessive allele. This just means they carry the trait but it may lay dormant or not affect them. However they can still pass it on to their children. They would essentially have one copy of that disorder only.

Question 13

What is meant by the term autosomal dominant?

Accepted Answer

only needs one copy of the gene to have the disorder - Autosomal dominant parents will always have affected children because there is only one copy needed in order for them to be carriers.

Question 14

Why is X-Linked recessive more prominent in males?

Accepted Answer

Males only have one x chromosome and there is no matching genes on the Y - Woman can be carriers of an x-linked disorder and pass on that gene to their offspring but don't express it themselves. However it is more prominent for males to present dominant with an x-linked disorder because they do not have a gene on the Y chromosome to combat the disorder whereas woman have two x's making it easier to combat the disorder.

Question 15

What is the structure of DNA made up of?

Accepted Answer

nucleotides, phosphate group, sugars, nitrogenous base - The molecules that make up DNA are called nucleotides and a nucleotide is made up of a phosphate group, a sugar and a nitrogenous base. The four nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).

Question 16

What are Purines?

Accepted Answer

nitrogen bases with a double ring - Purines are a type of nitrogenous base with a double ring. The nitrogenous bases that fall into this category are adenine and guanine.

Question 17

Where is Uracil found?

Accepted Answer

RNA only - Pyrimidines are nitrogenous bases with a single ring and the nitrogenous bases of DNA that fall into that category are thymine and cytosine. However, Uracil is still a pyrimidine, it's just found in RNA only.

Question 18

If two individuals have type O blood, can they produce an offspring with type A blood?

Accepted Answer

no, type O is a recessive blood type - Because type O is a recessive blood type, there needs to be two copies of the allele in order for it to show up. So both individuals would have the genotype (ii) and when using a punnet square we can see if you cross that genotype with each other you still end up with ii or type O blood and type A requires an A in the genotype.

Question 19

Choose the answer that is the most correct definition for a dihybrid cross.

Accepted Answer

a cross involving 2 genes each with heterozygous alleles - Dihybrid crosses allow for us to look for patterns of inheritance simultaneously.

Question 20

What are the two most common causes of genetic mutations?

Accepted Answer

induced and spontaneous  - Induced mutations are from exposure to physical or chemical toxins in the environment whereas spontaneous is caused by errors in cell division like incorrect copying of DNA during replication of chromosomes.

Question 21

How does Gene therapy affect humans?

Accepted Answer

corrects the mistake out of the gene sequence , corrects defective genes by inserting a normal copy of the gene - Gene therapy is an experimental technique used to correct defective genes by inserting a normal copy of the gene or correcting the mistake in the sequence.

Question 22

What is the definition of evolution?

Accepted Answer

an educated guess, an explanatory model that accounts for large bodies of evidence - The common meaning for evolution is an educated guess but the scientific meaning is a model that explains large bodies of evidence. Essentially proof for things we see all around us.

Question 23

Who can evolve?

Accepted Answer

populations - The smallest unit that can evolve is populations. Individuals cannot evolve because evolution takes place over thousands of years and not an individuals lifespan.

Question 24

Which one of these is NOT a mutations?

Accepted Answer

environmental  - There is no environmental mutation. The three types of mutations are the beneficial ones for species, the ones that harm species and the ones that do not affect species whatsoever.

Question 25

Darwin developed the idea of natural selection.

Accepted Answer

true After his trip to the Galapagos Islands, he published a book called "The Origin of Species" which explains his finding on the finches in different parts of the islands and how their beak sizes depended on their environmental habitats. He progressed the idea of natural selection and how species can adapt to become better suited for their environments, to improve survival and reproduction rates.

Question 26

What are adaptations?

Accepted Answer

characteristic or feature that makes a species well suited for survival - Relates back to natural selection in the way that adaptations can make a species better suited for their environment. And natural selection favours those best suited for their habitats.

Question 27

All variations become adaptions.

Accepted Answer

false Not all variations become adaptations because some variations do not determine whether or not a species is best suited for survival and reproduction. One example of this would be hair colour or eye colour because although everyone has different hair or eye colour it does not determine how well we survive in our environments.

Question 28

What type of process is this?

Accepted Answer

analogous features - Analogous features are the same function, different structure. They all function to be able to make a species fly but are different structures in order to specifically suit that species.

Question 29

Are vestigial features important in the body?

Accepted Answer

no  - Vestigal features are features that served a functional purpose in previous stages of evolution but no do not serve any purpose and are just there. They provide evidence of evolution. An example of this would be the appendix in the human digestive system, or goosebumps

Question 30

Explain what fossil records show us.

Accepted Answer

show us that complex organisms descended from more simplistic organisms over time.

Question 31

How are half life and radioisotopes related?

Accepted Answer

half life is the time it takes for a radioisotope to decay to half its mass - Half life is the time it takes for radioactive material to decay to half its mass, and because radioisotopes are unstable they will spontaneously break down. Half life predicts how long it will take for those radioisotopes to decay to half its mass. But Half life is not specific to just radioisotopes.

Question 32

How are pseudogenes connected to vestigial features?

Accepted Answer

pseudogenes are vestigial genes that no longer code for a functioning protein

Question 33

What type of selection is this picture?

Accepted Answer

directional selection, stabilizing selection - Directional selection favors an increase or decrease in the value of traits. Meaning a shift away from the medium/ middle traits. In the basic sense, this type of selection favours either side of the spectrum but not the in-between. So either long billed or short billed beaks are the most favoured or one at all. The medium billed beaks are the unfavoured traits.

Question 34

Genetic drift is due to natural selection

Accepted Answer

false Genetic drift has nothing to due with natural selection. It is a change in the gene pool due to chance not due to natural selections usual favouring of a species for which is best suited for a certain environment. This is more pronounced in small populations.

Question 35

Explain why female mate choice is related to natural selection

Accepted Answer

Females choose mates that are best suited for reproduction because good reproductive health means better chances of producing healthy offspring who will further their species. And in relation to natural selection which favours those most suited for their environments, females choose males that are best suited.

Question 36

"Breeding at different times of the year." Which type of prezygotic mechanism is this?

Accepted Answer

temperal - Temporal breeding is simply different species breeding at different times of the year. Like the picture shown, bees might only breed during April for example, and hummingbirds might only breed during the month of June. This is aprezygotic mechanism because it stops interbreeding between bees and humming birds due to their different year round breeding times.

Question 37

How does hybrid infertility effect offsprings?

Accepted Answer

The offsprings are healthy and viable but are sterile and can't reproduce

Question 38

What type of speciation is shown below?

Accepted Answer

allopatric - Allopatric speciation is the process of species being separated entirely geographically. This means different species will become geographically isolated from one another. Which then leads to the evolution of new species.

Question 39

What describes best describes abiogenesis?

Accepted Answer

origin of life from non living things - Abiogenesis also known as the origin of life from non living things, accounts for life that arose from non-living things through natural processes.

Question 40

What theory is shown below?

Accepted Answer

theory of gradualism  - The theory of gradualism suggest that as new species evolve, they will appear very similar to the original species and gradually will start to become more distinctive. Over long periods of time small changes accumulate, resulting in dramatically different organisms.

Question 41

Why are cladograms used?

Accepted Answer

to show evolutionary relationship between organisms - Cladograms are used to illustrate the evolutionary relationships, or phylogeny of different groups of organisms. relationships based on the presence or absence of recently evolved traits.

Question 42

Why do people with albinism lack melanin?

Accepted Answer

They lack melanin because they are unable to produce it due to the lack of an enzyme called tyrosinase which is what helps create melanin in our skin.

Genetics and Evolution Unit Trivia

2) What is the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction?

3) What type of gametogenesis creates 3 polar bodies and one single viable cell?

4) What is non-disjunction?

5) What process is this?

6) What happens during prophase 1 of meosis

7) What is an allele?

8) Which one of these is not related to Mendelian inheritance

9) What is this structure used for?

10) What is the difference between co-dominace and incomplete dominance?

11) What is the name of this structure?

12) If one parent is homozygous (autosomal) recessive for a genetic disorder, (the other is unaffected, homozygous dominant). Is it possible for their offspring to be a carrier of the disorder?

13) What is meant by the term autosomal dominant?

14) Why is X-Linked recessive more prominent in males?

15) What is the structure of DNA made up of?

16) What are Purines?

17) Where is Uracil found?

18) If two individuals have type O blood, can they produce an offspring with type A blood?

19) Choose the answer that is the most correct definition for a dihybrid cross.

20) What are the two most common causes of genetic mutations?

21) How does Gene therapy affect humans?

22) What is the definition of evolution?

23) Who can evolve?

24) Which one of these is NOT a mutations?

25) Darwin developed the idea of natural selection.

26) What are adaptations?

27) All variations become adaptions.

28) What type of process is this?

29) Are vestigial features important in the body?

30) Explain what fossil records show us.

31) How are half life and radioisotopes related?

32) How are pseudogenes connected to vestigial features?

33) What type of selection is this picture?

34) Genetic drift is due to natural selection

35) Explain why female mate choice is related to natural selection

36) "Breeding at different times of the year." Which type of prezygotic mechanism is this?

37) How does hybrid infertility effect offsprings?

38) What type of speciation is shown below?

39) What describes best describes abiogenesis?

40) What theory is shown below?

41) Why are cladograms used?

42) Why do people with albinism lack melanin?